Red Wine And Resveratrol: Good For Your Heart （参考译文）

参考译文：

红酒与白藜芦醇：健康心脏常伴您

红酒及其含有的一种名叫白藜芦醇的成分可能对人体心脏有益。想知道更多关于这方面的证据吗？想了解知道红酒对心脏的影响吗？请参阅以下文章。

作者：Mayo 诊所医生

适量的红酒，一直被认为是对心脏健康的。酒精及红酒当中的某种抗氧化物能提升人体的“好”胆固醇水平及阻止对动脉的损害，从而帮助预防心脏疾病。

既然红酒有益于人体健康，那么在晚餐中享受一杯红酒是一大乐事。但医生们在鼓励人们喝酒时是十分谨慎的，因为过量喝酒会对人体造成多种损害。

尽管如此，医生们还是认同：红酒中的确存在某种抗氧化物有益于心脏健康，虽然还不明确这种物质是什么。研究人员认为类黄酮及一种名叫“白藜芦醇”的抗氧化物确实是一种有益于心脏的物质。

红酒中的抗氧化物似乎不是唯一的健康物质。红酒中的酒精似乎也是对心脏有益的。下面让我们一起来找出红酒对心脏的一些已知或未知的影响吧。

为什么红酒对心脏健康？
研究红酒与心脏健康的研究人员报告了多项结果。一些研究显示红酒比起其他酒类更有益于心脏健康，另外一些研究则显示红酒跟啤酒、白酒或其他一些酒类对心脏健康的效果是一样的。但仍然没有明显的证据证明红酒在心脏健康方面比其他酒类优胜。

对红酒抱有支持态度的研究指出，红酒中一种叫多酚的抗氧化物可以帮助保护心血管健康。这些氧化物有两种形式：类黄酮与非类黄酮。

· 类黄酮。 这种抗氧化物在很多食物中可以找到，例如橙子、葡萄汁、苹果、洋葱、茶和可可等。酒类如白葡萄酒和啤酒也有少量，但红酒的含量最高。

· 非类黄酮。人们最近开始对红酒中的这种成分感兴趣，因为研究发现他们能分解脂肪，从而防止动脉阻塞。但这些研究结果只是用小鼠做试验得出的，还没有在人类身上做过试验。其中，白藜芦醇是在非类黄酮中获得研究人员最高关注度的。

红酒中的白藜芦醇
白藜芦醇可能是红酒中保护血管的关键成分，它能减少有害的胆固醇，防止血管堵塞。

大部分关于白藜芦醇的研究都在动物身上做试验而不是人类。在小鼠身上的白藜芦醇试验显示抗氧化物也许能帮助他们避免能引起心脏疾病的两大疾病：肥胖症和糖尿病。尽管如此，那些结果都是从小鼠身上的试验得出的，并非人类。而且，在小鼠身上的白藜芦醇的用量，可能相当于一个人每天喝100 到1000 瓶红酒。

一些研究显示白藜芦醇有可能减少引起心脏病的两种成因：炎症及血管堵塞。白藜芦醇是否真正能减少这种病的风险，这还需要更多的研究去证明。

一些公司销售含有白藜芦醇的补充剂。然而，对于白藜芦醇补充剂对人体的影响现在还是知之甚少。白藜芦醇对于心脏健康的研究还有待继续。

葡萄及其他食物中的白藜芦醇
红酒中的白藜芦醇来自于葡萄皮。由于葡萄皮在红酒中的发酵时间比白葡萄酒长，因此红酒含的白藜芦醇会更多一点。如果不喝酒，可以通过吃葡萄或喝葡萄汁来获取白藜芦醇。一些研究指出红和紫葡萄汁含有红酒中对心脏有益的成分。

其他含有白藜芦醇的食物包括有花生、蓝莓和红莓。就心脏健康来说，暂时还没有明确的研究可以证明吃葡萄或其他食物的效果会比喝红酒好。食物中白藜芦醇的含量与红酒中的含量会有很大的差别。

酒精如何保护心脏？
各种的研究证明，适量的酒精摄入对心脏有益，不仅是红酒。人们认为酒精有以下好处：
·增加高密度脂蛋白（HDL）胆固醇，即“好”胆固醇。
·减少血管堵塞的形成。
·防止“坏”胆固醇，即低密度脂蛋白胆固醇引起的动脉堵塞。

适量喝酒，还是滴酒不沾？
红酒对心脏的保护看起来是肯定的。适量喝酒，包括红酒，似乎能减少患心脏疾病的机会。然而，比起啤酒或烈酒，红酒是否更有益于心脏，这还需要更多的试验来证明。

美国心脏协会及国家心肺血研究所都不会推荐人们用喝酒来预防心脏疾病，因为酒精可能会令人上瘾，且会引起其他的健康问题。

喝酒过量会引起高血压，高甘油三酯，肝脏损伤，肥胖症，癌症，及其他健康问题。而且，很少量的酒精也又可能引起心肌病，削弱心脏肌肉，引致心脏衰竭。如果您患有心脏衰竭或心脏衰弱，应避免酒精。如果您每天服用阿司匹林，亦应该避免或限制酒精的摄入，这取决于医生的专业意见。怀孕了也不要喝酒。如果您想了解更多酒精的好处和存在的风险，您可以向您的医生咨询。

如果您是喝红酒的，那么适量就行。适量喝酒的定义，对于男性来说，是每天两份量的酒，对于女性来说是每天一份量的酒。一份量酒是指 12 盎司 （355 毫升）啤酒，5盎司（148 毫升）红酒或者 1.5 盎司（44 毫升）白酒。

男性酒量的限度比女性低，这是因为比起女性，男性体重更重，体内有更多能代谢酒精的酶。
 

原文链接：http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/red-wine/HB00089

英文原文：
Red wine and something in red wine called resveratrol might be heart healthy. Find out the facts, and hype, regarding red wine and its impact on your heart.

By Mayo Clinic staff

Red wine, in moderation, has long been thought of as heart healthy. The alcohol and certain substances in red wine called antioxidants may help prevent heart disease by increasing levels of "good" cholesterol and protecting against artery damage.

While the news about red wine might sound great if you enjoy a glass of red wine with your evening meal, doctors are wary of encouraging anyone to start drinking alcohol. That's because too much alcohol can have many harmful effects on your body.

Still, doctors do agree that something in red wine appears to help your heart, though it's unclear just exactly what that "something" is. Researchers think antioxidants, such as flavonoids or a substance called resveratrol, have promising heart-healthy benefits.

Antioxidants aren't the only substances in red wine that look promising. The alcohol in red wine also appears to be heart healthy. Find out what's known — and not known — about red wine and its possible heart-health benefits.

How is red wine heart healthy?
Research studies on the heart-health benefits of red wine have reported mixed results. Some studies show that red wine seems to have even more heart-health benefits than other types of alcohol, while other studies show that red wine isn't any better than beer, white wine or liquor for heart health. There's still no clear evidence yet that red wine is superior to other forms of alcohol when it comes to possible heart-health benefits.

The studies supporting red wine suggest antioxidants in red wine called polyphenols help protect the lining of blood vessels in your heart. These antioxidants come in two main forms: flavonoids and nonflavonoids.
· Flavonoids. These antioxidants are found in a variety of foods, including oranges, grape juice, apples, onions, tea and cocoa. Other types of alcohol, such as white wine and beer, contain small amounts, too, but red wine has higher levels.

· Nonflavonoids. These antioxidants found in red wine have recently been of particular interest because they appear to help prevent arteries from becoming clogged with fatty blockages. However, these studies mostly involved mice — not humans. Resveratrol is the nonflavonoid that's received the most attention from researchers.

Resveratrol in red wine
Resveratrol might be a key ingredient in red wine that helps prevent damage to blood vessels, reduces "bad" cholesterol and prevents blood clots.

Most research on resveratrol has been conducted on animals, not people. Research in mice given resveratrol has indicated that the antioxidant might also help protect them from obesity and diabetes, both of which are strong risk factors for heart disease. However, those findings were reported only in mice, not in people. In addition, to get the same dose of resveratrol used in the mice studies, a person would have to consume 100 to 1,000 bottles of red wine a day.

Some research shows that resveratrol could be linked to a reduced risk of inflammation and blood clotting, both of which can lead to heart disease. More research is needed before it's known whether resveratrol was the cause for the reduced risk.

Some companies sell supplements containing resveratrol. However, not enough is known about resveratrol's effects to endorse resveratrol supplements. Research into the potential heart-health benefits of resveratrol is continuing.

Resveratrol in grapes and other foods
The resveratrol in red wine comes from the skin of grapes used to make wine. Because red wine is fermented with grape skins longer than is white wine, red wine contains more resveratrol. Simply eating grapes, or drinking grape juice, has been suggested as one way to get resveratrol without drinking alcohol. Some studies have suggested that red and purple grape juices have some of the same heart-healthy benefits of red wine.

Other foods that contain some resveratrol include peanuts, blueberries and cranberries. It's not yet known how beneficial eating grapes or other foods might be compared with drinking red wine when it comes to promoting heart health. The amount of resveratrol in food and red wine can vary widely.

How does alcohol help the heart?
Various studies have shown that moderate amounts of all types of alcohol benefit your heart, not just alcohol found in red wine. It's thought that alcohol:
· Raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol
· Reduces the formation of blood clots
· Helps prevent artery damage caused by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the "bad" cholesterol

Drink in moderation — or not at all
Red wine's potential heart-health benefits look promising. Those who drink moderate amounts of alcohol, including red wine, seem to have a lower risk of heart disease. However, more research is needed before we know whether red wine is better for your heart than are other forms of alcohol, such as beer or spirits.

Neither the American Heart Association nor the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommend that you start drinking alcohol just to prevent heart disease. Alcohol can be addictive and is associated with other health issues.

Drinking too much increases your risk of high blood pressure, high triglycerides, liver damage, obesity, certain types of cancer, accidents and other problems. In addition, even small amounts of alcohol can cause cardiomyopathy — weakened heart muscle — causing symptoms of heart failure in some people. If you have heart failure or a weak heart, you should avoid alcohol completely. If you take aspirin daily, you should avoid or limit alcohol, depending on your doctor's advice. You also shouldn't drink alcohol if you're pregnant. If you have questions about the benefits and risks of alcohol, talk to your doctor about specific recommendations for you.

If you already drink red wine, do so in moderation. Moderate drinking is defined as an average of two drinks a day for men and one drink a day for women.

A drink is defined as 12 ounces (355 milliliters, or mL) of beer, 5 ounces (148 mL) of wine or 1.5 ounces (44 mL) of 80-proof distilled spirits.

The limit for men is higher because men generally weigh more and have more of an enzyme that metabolizes alcohol than women do.